An Introduction To Encryption And Decryption

An Introduction To encoding And decodingCHAPTER 1This thesis proposes a VHSIC ironw are Description Language (VHDL) design of Encryption and decoding algorithmic ruleic rule for Data. In this chapter, the challenges of cryptography is firstly presented. This chapter also briefly discusses the some(prenominal)er definition, scope of work and the thesis objectives are also highlighted.Finally, the chapter end with the chapter organization. The dissertation presentation is provided at the end1.1 An introduction to Encryption and Decryption, a type of cryptographyEncryption and Decryption, a type of cryptography, refers to the do work of scrambling information so that the observer cannot be signal detection the data. cryptographic observe is a piece of data customd to encrypt or decrypt to plaintext. (Alex Brennen V., 2004) The Crypto, from the record crypto logical system mean is it has its origins in the Greek word KRUOTOS, which means hidden. Thus the objective of cryptogr aphy is to hide information so that only the intended recipient can read it.2 . Cryptographic is a protocol or method of performing encryption and decipherment (Alex Brennen V., 2004). There are two types of cryptographic cruciate and a bilateral key. Figure 1.1 is example a radiate cryptographic has a single key, which is used for both encrypting and decrypting information. Data Encryption and Decryption is a well-known example of bilaterally symmetrical cryptographic. In symmetric cryptographic, public-key cryptographic uses complementary pair of keys to divided the process of encryption and decryption. This process is shown in Figure 1.2. This part is discuss about the symmetric-key cryptographic only.3. The proposed projects is to create the algorithms where it is use to modify of information, rearranging the original massage produce takings referred as ciphertextPlaintextPlaintext directtextKeyFigure 1.1 centrosymmetric CryptographicPlaintextPlaintextCiphertextEncrypti on Key and Decryption KeyFigure 1.2 Public-Key Cryptographic1.2 Problem StatementAt present there are m each encryption and decryption, especially in the communication system provided in a mannequin of application.Encryption and decryption is particularly impacted in the field of army communications and reliable shelter data to protection for transmitting.This ciphertext is used in the military is to send information such as direction, strategy, confidential codes and other information that can not be know by the subject area foe during the war.4Creating this system is the process by which information can not be detect by the national foe. The information can not be recognizing by the national foe because this system is using the process to encrypt data and decrypt data. 41.3 Scopes of WorkBased on available software resources, limited time write and expertise, this look for project is narrowed down to the following scope of work1. The project is only to design fixed 64-bit input of data block size, 64-bit output of datablock size and 56-bit of key size based on an Encryption and Decryption algorithm.2. The projects is limited to design, to synthesis, to simulate and to verify thedesign in Altera Quartus II software.ObjectiveThe project are to create a system that can protect electronic data (secret information) which Consist of encryption and decryption process and to fully design an encryption and decryption algorithm using VHDL. The objectives of this project areTo understand how the Encryption and Decryption process.To fully design an Encryption algorithm and Decryption algorithm using VHDL. Encryption and decryption which realize 64-bit input of data block size, 64-bit output of data block size and 56-bit of key size.To reconstruct use Quartus II software as a design and synthesis tool.1.4 Chapter OrganizationChapter 1 This chapter starts with an Introduction which highlights the problems under investigation by describing the status of problem c onceptually and theoretically. It contains the introduction of the thesis, problem statement and scope of study, objective of the project, and the chapter organization.Chapter 2 This chapter is a Literature Review that compiles the studies done by others based on the appellation of the project. Under the literature review, this chapter discussed on the features need to be include in designing the system.Chapter 3. The methodology chapter describes the steps that has been taken while doing the project from the commencement ceremony until the end. The main content of the chapter are the flow charts and the description of each step of the process.Chapter 4 This chapter presents the effect of the algorithm and discussion observed. The results obtained are presented as a serial of figures, tables, with textual description and discussion. The analysis outcome of the research is also discussed in relation to the evidences obtained from project work and theories reported in Literature Review .Chapter 5 The chapter is the Conclusion of the thesis and which signalized the whole project a doneCHAPTER 2LITERATURE REVIEW2.0. OverviewThis chapter is to introduce the host range of background information and research for this thesis. Most methods have been widely used to determine how the process of encryption and decryption.Theoretical method is presented using the VHDL. Chooses the VHDL programming for design encryption and decryption because this programming is very direct forward is compare other programming. For example Cadence and C++ programming. Both programming is very complicated.In this chapter, the Literature review of the research is discussed. The main topics discussed in this chapter are shown belowSymmetric cryptographyEncryptionDecryptionOperations of Encryption and DecryptionData Encryption and DecryptionVHDL (VHSIC Hardware Description Language)2.1. Symmetric key cryptographyThe symmetric key organisation is the conventional method of cryptography. T he scheme uses the similar key to encode and decode in information. In a symmetric key algorithm, in the normal case, the communication only uses only one key. For example if Z user Z sends the secret symmetric key to an X user before the start of the communication between them. Part Z and X use the same symmetric key to encryption and decryption the message. Encryption and Decryption are example of symmetric key algorithm. Figure 2.2 shows the symmetric key cryptography. The symmetric key algorithm is straightaway than an asymmetric key algorithm. There are two classes of symmetric key cryptography as block ciphers and stream ciphers. 6Plaintext XPlaintext ZEncryption and DecryptionSymmetric KeyFigure 2.1 The symmetric key cryptography2.2 Block CipherBlock cipher is a type of symmetric-key decryption and encryption algorithm. The symmetric-key decryption and encryption that is a fixed length block of plaintext data into block ciphertext data. The block size is 64 bit. The block si ze can be mounting to 128 bit, 256 bit or 512 bit if the process becomes adforefrontced. Block ciphers operate on large blocks of data. The encryption and decryption of plaintext with a block cipher forget result in the same when the same key is used. From the figure 2.3, it can be seen that show the Block CipherPlaintextPlaintextBlock Cipher Encryption and Block Cipher DecryptionSymmetric KeyFigure 2.2 Block Cipher2.3 bourgeon CipherStream cipher is a type of symmetric encryption and decryption algorithm. Stream ciphers much faster than any block cipher. Stream ciphers operate on smaller units of plaintext. The encryption and decryption of plaintext with a stream cipher forget result in the same when the same key is used. From the figure 2.3, it can be seen that show the Stream CipherPlaintextPlaintextStream Cipher Encryption and Stream Cipher DecryptionSymmetric KeyFigure 2.2 Stream CipherAdvantages of Symmetric Key CryptographyThe main advantages of symmetric key (public key) cryptography are improved warrantor and expediency.Other major advantages from the symmetric key (public key) are that they can provide a technique for digital signatures. Verification via secret-key system requires a shared secret and sometimes requires trust of a third party.For example, Kerberos verification system involves a button-secret data center that stores copies of all user secret key. An blow on the database will enable the falsification of the system. Public key verification, on the other hand, prevents of rejection, and each user has a responsibility to protect his private key. 72.3 Disadvantages of Symmetric -Key CryptographyThe disadvantage of symmetric cryptography is that it presumes two parties have agreed on a key and been able to exchange that key in a secure manner prior to communication. This is a significant challenge. Symmetric algorithms are usually mixed with public key algorithms to obtain a blend of security and speed.Disadvantage of using symmetric-k ey cryptography for encryption and decryption is faster. There are popular secret-key encryption and decryption technique that are considerably faster than any at present available symmetric-key encryption and decryption technique.However, public-key cryptography can be used by means of secret-key cryptography to obtain the optimum of both worlds. For encryption, the optimum solution is to join together with public-key and secret-key systems in order to obtain both the security advantages of public-key systems and the velocity advantages of secret-key systems. The public-key system can be concord use of to encrypt a secret key which is make use of to encrypt the bulk of a information or message.Public-key cryptography may be open to impersonation, although, also further much if users private keys are not available. A successful assail attack pounce on a certification authority will permit a national foe to impersonate whomever the adversary pick out to by using a public-key certif icate from the compromised authority to bind a key of the national foe choice to the name of another userIn some plight, public-key cryptography is not obligatory and secret-key cryptography alone is enough. This be to environments where secure secret-key assent can take place, for example by users confluence in private. It also belonging environments where a sole authority knows and manages all the keys. formerly the authority knows everyones keys already there is not much excess for some to be public and others private. And yet, public-key cryptography is normally not obligatory in a single-user environment. Example, if want to keep private message or information encrypted, can do so with any secret-key encryption algorithm using personal password as the secret key. Furthermore, public-key cryptography is optimum equivalent for an open multi-user environment. Public-key cryptography is not intention to substitute secret-key cryptography, but nevertheless to complementary it, to make it more safety 82.4 EncryptionEncryption is a form of cryptography that to change the plaintext into ciphertext. A cipher is a algorithms for the encryption. Encryption is the principle of such security step as digital signatures, digital certificates, and the public key infrastructure. Computer-based encryption method use keys to encrypt and decrypt information. A key is in binary number. The key is one part of the encryption process. It must be used in connection with an encryption algorithm to generate the cipher text. Encryption is the symmetric or asymmetric. Ciphers were repeatedly used directly for Encryption without supplement procedures such as ratification. The extremely used material body of encryption is symmetric Encryption, which is aptly named for the intellect that it uses one key for both the encryption and decryption system 92.5 DecryptionDecryption is the opposite or moving from the ciphertext back to the plaintext. A cipher is a algorithms for the decryp tion. The specification operation of a cipher is to manage with both by the algorithm and in each example by a key. Decryption is the symmetric or asymmetric. Ciphers were repeatedly used directly for decryption without supplement procedures such as ratification. The extremely used kind of decryption is symmetric decryption, which is aptly named for the argue that it uses one key for both the encryption and decryption system 10.2.6 Operations of Encryption and DecryptionAn encryption and decryption scheme consists of three Standard algorithmsA Key Generation Algorithm. For a symmetric key, this is often an algorithm that simply picks a random key of a certain length. The symmetric key scheme is the conventional method of cryptography. The scheme uses the similar key to encode and decode in information.An Encryption Algorithm. This takes as input a message (or plaintext) and some kind of key, and outputs a ciphertext. Encryption is to change the plaintext into ciphertextA decryption algorithm. This takes as input a ciphertext and some kind of key, and outputs a message.Decryption is to change the ciphertext back to the plaintext2.7 Data Encryption and DecryptionThis system works by encrypting and decrypting groups of only 64 message bits, which is the same as 16 hexadecimal number. To do the encryption and decryption, this system uses symmetric keys where are also apparently 16 hexadecimal number long, or 64 bits long. However, every 8th key bit is ignored in this algorithm, so that the effective key size is 56 bits. But, in any case, 64 bits (16 hexadecimal digits) is the round number upon which Encryption and Decryption is organized.The process is explain in Figure 1.2, it can be seen that the process of encrypt and decrypt, if take the plaintext message is 2872762F771B15E8, and encrypt it with the key 0000000000000001, the ciphertext produced 1234567890987654. If the ciphertext is decrypted with the same secret key 0000000000000001, the result is the origin al plaintext 2872762F771B15E8. introduce data2872762F771B15E8KeyEncryptionCiphertext123345678890987654KeyDecryption KeyOriginal input2872762F771B15E8Figure 1.2 Simple Block Diagram Process Encryption and Decryption using Feistel Algorithm2.4 VHDL History (VHSIC Hardware Description Language)In order to complete the design, the VHDL is one of the most important tools used. Device description language VHDL is a great acronym stands for the Very utmost Speed Integrated Circuit Hardware Description language. It was originally developed on the orders of the U.S Department of Defense. They need a more efficient way to text file the behavior of the ASIC design service companies were present.11,12 It was developed as an alternative to the huge, highly complex manuals that were the norm. The idea to simulate such a description was immediately an attractive prospect and logic simulators were developed could take a VHDL description as input. From here synthesis to the hardware level became a focus of study and still is. Current state-of the- art synthesis tools can create hardware for a large subset of the VHDL language and should at least support the synthesizable subset in IEEE1076.6-1999. The syntax of VHDL was derived from Ada, with constructs added to handle the parallelism that appears in hardware designs. The language is strongly typed and case insensitive. 13,14 The initial recitation of the language that was presented in the IEEE standard 1076-1987 was roughly limited and a new version appeared in 1993 in IEEE standard 1079-1993, which improved the consistency of the language. There have been various reviews and updates to the standard of the languages since, but the 1993 version is the most prominent and widely used. Both versions of the language ignored the need for a multi-valued logictype which is where the IEEE standard 1164 comes in.15 This standard defines a 9-valued logic type called standard logic. This has become the standard type to use for multi- valued logic in VHDL descriptions. The language has been further extended in a series of libraries. One such library is the numeric std library which implements a signed and unsigned type. These types allow for arithmetic to be performed on arbitrarily sized logic vectors. 162.4 VHDL (VHSIC Hardware Description Language)In order to complete the design, the VHDL is one of the most important tools used. Device description language VHDL is a great acronym stands for the Very High Speed Integrated Circuit Hardware Description language. It was originally developed on the orders of the Department of Defense. They need a more efficient way to document the behavior of the ASIC design service companies were present. represented 11,12VHDL (VHSIC Hardware Description Language) was originally adopted by the U.S Department of Defense.The initial version of VHDL, designed to IEEE standard 1076-1987, include a wide range of data types, including numerical (integer and real), logical (bit and bool ean), character and time, plus arrays of bit called bit_vector and of character called string.161 Laura E.Hunter,Brian Barber,Melissa Craft,Norris L.Johnson Jr,Jeffery AMartin,Tony Piltzecker. MCSE. Implementing PKI in a Window server 2003 Network.Chapter 4.Page 1852 Mohan Krishnamurthy, Eric S.Seagren, Raven Alder, Aaron W.Bayles, JoshBurke, Skip Carter Eli Faskha How to Cheat at Securing Linux.page2503 Dr.Everett F.Carter jr,Jeremy Faircloth,Curtis Franklin jr,Larry Loeb,Hack Proofing XML Page1934 The Point Of Encryption By Dr.Colin Walter,Available athttp//www.securitydocs.com/pdf/3301/PDF5 Aram Khalili, Department of Computer Science, University of Maryland.Available at http//www.cs.umd.edu/waa/414-F01/symmetric.pdf6 D. Richard Kuhn ,Vincent C. Hu ,W. Timothy Polk, Shu-Jen Chang ,NationalInstitute of Standards and Technology Introduction to Public KeyTechnology and the Federal PKI Infrastructure6.5 Contributed by LE Webmaster Kerberos Authentication SystemAvailable at http//www. linuxexposed.com/index2.php?option=com_contentdo_pdf7. Advantaged of Public-Key Cryptography ,Available athttp//users.hack.gr/dij/crypto/overview/publickey.html8 Disadvantages of Public-Key Cryptography ,Available athttp//x5.net/faqs/crypto/q4.html9 Manuel Mogollon University Of Dallas USA.Cryptography and Security services.Page 5110 Mohan Krishnamurthy, Eric S.Seagren,Raven Alder, Aaron W.Bayles,JoshBurke,Skip Carter Eli Faskha How To Cheat at Securing Linux .page25111. Copyright 1999 by John F. Wakerly Combinational logical system DesignPrinciples,The VHDL Hardware Design Language. Page 1-35.12 Deepak Jain . Object Oriented Programming Constructs in VHSICHardware Description Language, Delhi Institute of Advanced Studies13 Institute of galvanising and Electronics Engineers, IEEE 1076-1987 IEEE StandardVHDL Language Reference Manual, 198714 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, IEEE Std 1076.6-1999 IEEEStandard for VHDL Register Transfer Level (RTL) synthesis, 1999.1 5 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, IEEE 1076-1993 IEEEStandard VHDL Language Reference Manual, 1993.16 E.P.M. van Diggele. Translation of SystemC to Synthesizable VHDL, MScThesis, Delft University of Technology.