Theme of Alienation in Literature Essay - 1118 Words

A Alienation is a common theme in literature as it can elicit many deep emotions. It can be attached to characters who have acted very drastically or who need to do so. Either way, alienated characters create a sense of intrigue with the personal reliance that they are faced with. Receiving help from others is not as applicable to these people. Nathaniel Hawthorne’s, â€Å"The Minister’s Black Veil,† Anne Sexton’s, â€Å"The Farmer’s Wife,† and T.S. Eliot’s â€Å"The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock† each magnificently create their own sense of character alienation. In Nathaniel Hawthorne’s, â€Å"The Minister’s Black Veil,† the story is told of the isolation of a man draped with a black veil over his face. At the beginning when the minister, Mr. Hooper,†¦show more content†¦Though so much darkness was attributed to Hooper when he wore the veil, he gave off a glimmering of light when around others. For example, when Hooper’s wife tried to get him to remove the veil, he stayed firm in his veil wearing with his smile being used as a reminder that this was his choice and he had his reasons. Although it might have increased his alienation, Hooper never changed the portrayal of his emotions,. However, the veil did make Hooper a better clergymen. More people would demand to see him to repent their sins or to speak when on their deathbed. Here, the difficulty in Hooper’s veiled life was demonstrated. He gave tremendous help and donated ample time to these people, yet in return he received nothing. He was both feared and unloved, making him unreachable in facets of life where joy could be shared. Hooper was alienated both socially and physically. When Hooper’s wife, the closest person in his life, left him he somehow smiled at these disastrous events. He was able to oddly laugh to himself that it was a simple garment that kept him physically detached from others. At this point, Hooper attempted to find solace in whatever he could to offset the damages of his actions. Hawthorne let the audience realize that this alienation, although caused by such a simple thing, was of Hawthorne’s self-infliction. The course of Hooper’s life became very sadShow MoreRelatedEssay Theme of Alienation in Literature929 Words   |  4 PagesTheme of Alienation in Literature A common theme among the works of Nathaniel Hawthorne is alienation. Alienation is defined as emotional isolation or dissociation from others. In Hawthornes novels and short stories, characters are consistently alienated and experience isolation from society. These characters are separated from their loved ones both physically and psychologically. The harsh judgmental conditions of Puritan society are the cause of isolation for theseRead MoreAnalysis Of A Rose For Emily Essay1643 Words   |  7 PagesMatthew M. Courchaine Professor Teresa Trevathan English 123 30 November 2016 On Being An Outcast: Emily As Manifesting Thematic Alienation in Faulkner’s â€Å"A Rose for Emily† I. Introduction Being taught in high schools and universities all across the nation, William Faulkner’s short story â€Å"A Rose for Emily† has achieved a great deal of both academic and mainstream respect in the United States. In being arguably one of Faulkner’s strongest stories, and since Faulkner himself has assumed the positionRead MoreThematic Analysis Of The Novel Mrs. Dalloway And The Cannibalist Manifesto `` By Oswald De Andrade1471 Words   |  6 PagesThematic Concern in Modernist Literature The modernist literature or literary modernism traces its origin in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It has its roots mainly in North America and Europe. It is characterized by various authors from various genres of literature with a self-conscious break with the conventional way of writing in prose, plays, and poetry. The major modernist works of Samuel Beckett’s, â€Å"Waiting for Godot,† poem by T. S. Eliot â€Å"The Waste Land,† the novel â€Å"Mrs. Dalloway†Read MoreAlienation Is Not A New Thing1640 Words   |  7 PagesAlienation is best described as a powerful feeling of isolation and loneliness, which stems from a variety of causes such as certain events and situations in society or in a persons individual life (â€Å"Alienation†). The extent in which a person is alienated varies from mild to severe often depending on the specific trigger. Most commonly, the feeling of not fitting in with others and being different causes alienat ion. However, in some instances a certain life changing event or the accumulation ofRead MoreThe Theme of Alienation in William Blakes the Little Vagabond1069 Words   |  5 PagesZahid Islam Instructor-ELT 18th Century English Literature 10 April 2011 The Theme of Alienation in Blake s The Little Vagabond Thesis: The central character in William Blake s poem becomes alienated from society because of the hardships and ill-treatment he has to undergo at the hands of people in authority. Read More The Rise and Fall of Existentialism1287 Words   |  6 PagesThe Rise and Fall of Existentialism   Ã‚  Ã‚   Existential literature often focuses on the personal journey towards existential awareness. Common themes in existential works, such as alienation and confrontation with death, often lead the anti-hero towards a climactic choice that defines whether they have reached true understanding. The themes within existential literature are reflected from the world at large, and the works themselves are a metaphor for a grander shift in Western philosophy. Read MoreSimilarities Between Catcher In The Rye And The Pleasure Of My Company1552 Words   |  7 Pagessurprising how a person could just choose to live indoors because of his phobia and be happy enjoying his own company. In the two works of literature, The Pleasure of my Company by Steve Martin and The Catcher in the Rye by J.D Salinger, this theme has been expressed in different ways. While Martin in his book, The Pleasure of My Company expresses the theme of isolation by develops a protagonist who is confined from the normal social life like other people by his fears, Salinger develops such aRead MoreThe Minister s Black Veil1128 Words   |  5 PagesAmerican Romanticism characteristics are very typical in this story in many different ways. What is American Romanticism you make ask? Well, American Romanticism is â€Å"a movement of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries that marked the reaction in literature, philosophy, art, religion, and politics from the neoclassicism and formal orthodoxy of the preceding period.† An example from the story of American Romanticism is, â€Å"And when she suggests that members of the community may interpret the veil as aRead MoreGregor Samsas Metamorphosis in The Metamorphosis by Franz Kafka1271 Words   |  6 Pagesthe novel The Metamorphosis by Franz Kafka, Kafka describes the theme of alienation and its negative effect on people and their relationships with the people around them. This theme can be shown through Gregor Samsa, the main character in T he Metamorphosis. After Gregor’s metamorphosis, or transformation, he is turned from a human being into a giant bug which makes him more and more distant from the people in his life. The alienation that Gregor experiences results in his eventual downfall, whichRead More Alienation in Tennessee Williams, The Glass Menagerie Essay examples943 Words   |  4 PagesAlienation in Tennessee Williams, The Glass Menagerie Life is a lonely tale of alienation, as Tennessee Williams conveys though his play, â€Å"The Glass Menagerie.† Williams surrounds Laura in isolation from a world in which they wish to belong to by using various symbols. The symbolic nature of the motifs hidden within the lines of this play provides meaning to the theme found consistent throughout the play: Individuals are all alone in the world. Williams brilliantly illuminates the

Villains of the Christian Bible Free Essays

In the first half of the ancient epic of Beowulf, the eponymous protagonist portrays the traditional and conventional ideals of a morally righteous hero: good, seemingly fearless, bold and daring, loyal to his nation, strong in body and spirit, and willing to become a martyr for justice. As a king in the latter portions of the epic, Beowulf is also ideal. Beowulf is a great warrior himself, and thus could be respected without reservations by his greatest soldiers. We will write a custom essay sample on Villains of the Christian Bible or any similar topic only for you Order Now Beowulf’s reputation as a warrior preserved the peace in his own country. Most importantly, Beowulf is a hero-king, willing to sacrifice himself for the sake of his country (as he did in his fight with the dragon). He was also one to avenge unjust deaths. He is willing to risk himself for what he believes to be moral, good, and just. Part of Beowulf’s heroism also lies in his adherence to his moral code, which is strongly tied to his religious convictions. However, Beowulf’s morals and values might not seem as such from a modern perspective, because Beowulf’s morals and values are strongly tied to the mixed Christian and pagan ideals of the time. There are many references to religion (and thus morality) in the epic. It has strong Christian elements, such as the description of Grendel’s mother as having descended from Cain, one of the early villains of the Christian Bible. However, the epic also has a generous helping of pagan concepts. Beowulf frequently calls upon God, but also speaks of Wyrd, the â€Å"ruler of all. † Pagan practices, such as cremation and drinking of blood, are also depicted. From a modern perspective, Beowulf is a pagan tale with some Christian aspects. How to cite Villains of the Christian Bible, Papers

Babies Essay Research Paper I am against free essay sample

Babies Essay, Research Paper I am against because, I think abortion is the incorrect thing to bash. It is considered slaying in my sentiment and this should ensue in some sort of punishment or something should go on. Abortion should # 8217 ; ve neer been introduced in this universe. I think that it is another manner of killing person. At that phase of killing a newborn kid, is non giving the babe a opportunity to populate their life and to populate in this universe. The babe doesn # 8217 ; t even acquire a opportunity to open its eyes and to populate long plenty to cognize and understand the significance of life. I think abortion I truly uncalled for. In my sentiment the definition of abortion is slaying and decease for no ground. An is what is fundamentally go oning in this universe today. As I speak there are immature adult females and work forces doing this determination to hold an abortion. We will write a custom essay sample on Babies Essay Research Paper I am against or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Abortion shouldn # 8217 ; t be occur because, you neer know what sort of possible your boy or girl might hold. Anyone # 8217 ; s babe could be the following Michael Jordan, Whitney Houston, or any other jocks or celebrated stars. An most of the clip when a babe is born they are born with some sort of endowment. An some people hold the potency to make something existent good with their lives. So people shouldn # 8217 ; t throw endowment, human being, and some gifted babes in the rubbish. I think that if any miss or male child can # 8217 ; t manage raising a kid, so the best thing for them to make is to non hold sex at all or wait intil they are married. Then the following best thing to make is to speak to Person that you feel comfy with about the state of affairs. An I believe the last thing to make is to give the babe up for acceptance. An that would still be doing a good determination because the babe is still traveling to hold a better life so it would with the existent parants or parent. An sometimes that is the best thing to make, because some female parents in this universe Don # 8217 ; Ts have adequate money to back up They # 8217 ; re ain egos. So there are times when acceptance works a batch better so merely maintaining the babe. The worst thing to make is to kill the hapless, guiltless, babe, who has no opportunity to populate.

Marijuana Legalization Essays (2711 words) - Herbalism,

Marijuana Legalization What Is Marijuana? Marijuana, a drug obtained from dried and crumpled parts of the ubiquitous hemp plant Canabis sativa (or Cannabis indica). Smoked by rolling in tobacco paper or placing in a pipe. It is also otherwise consumed worldwide by an estimated 200,000,000 persons for pleasure, an escape from reality, or relaxation. Marijuana is known by a variety of names such as kif (Morocco), dagga (South Africa), and bhang (India). Common in the United States, marijuana is called pot, grass, weed, Mary Jane, bones, etc. The main active principle of cannabis is tetrahydrocannabinol. The potency of its various forms ranges from a weak drink consumed in India to the highly potent hashish. The following consists of pure cannabis resin. Marijuana is not a narcotic and is not mentally or physically addicting drug. One can use mild cannabis preparations such as marijuana in small amounts for years without physical or mental deterioration. Marijuana serves to diminish inhibitions and acts as an euphoriant. Only once in a while will it produce actual hallucinations. More potent preparations of cannabis such as hashish can induce psychedelic experiences identical to those observed after ingestion of potent hallucinogens such as LSD. Some who smoke marijuana feel no effects; others feel relaxed and sociable, tend to laugh a great deal, and have a profound loss of the sense of time. Characteristically, those under the influence of marijuana show incoordination and impaired ability to perform skilled acts. Still others experience a wide range of emotions including feelings of perception, fear, insanity, happiness, love and anger. Although marijuana is not addicting, it may be habituating. The individual may become psychologically rather than physically dependent on the drug. Legalization Of Marijuana Those who urge the legalization of marijuana maintain the drug is entirely safe. The available data suggested, this is not so, Marijuana occasionally produces acute panic reactions or even transient psychoses. Furthermore, a person driving under the influence of marijuana is a danger to themselves and others. If smoked heavily and a great deal of consistency, its use has been clearly associated with mental breakdown. In many persons who smoke chronically, the drug reinforces passivity and reduces goal-directed, constructive activity. The chronic use of pure resin (hashish) has been associated both with mental deterioration and criminality. One of the major complications of marijuana use is the tendency on the part of some users to progress to more dangerous drugs. Users in economically deprived areas usually go on to heroin, whereas more affluent individuals tend to move from marijuana to more potent hallucinogens such as LSD. There is no established medical use for marijuana or any other cannabis preparation. In the United States, its use is a crime and the laws governing marijuana are similar to those regulating heroin. Many authorities now urge that the laws be modified to mitigate the penalties relating to conviction on marijuana possession charges. The Case For Legalizing Marijuana Use The United States stands apart from many nations in its deep respect for the individual. The strong belief in personal freedom appears early in the nation's history. The Declaration of Independence speaks of every citizen's right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. The Constitution and Bill of Rights go further, making specific guarantees. They forbid the government to make unwarranted entry into dwelling places. They forbid seizure of personal property, except when very clear reasons are approved by the courts. They allow every citizen to remain silent in court when accused of a crime. Legal decisions have extended these rights, so that every citizen may feel safe, secure, and sheltered from public view in the privacy of his or her home. The Right To Privacy In recent years, Americans have referred to privacy as one of the basic human rights, something to be claimed by anyone, anywhere. United States citizens feel strongly about this and often tell other countries that they must honor their people's claims to privacy and personal freedom. Foreign leaders often disagree. They resent what they deem arrogant meddling by the United States. Leaders of the Soviet Union, for example, regard individual privacy as trivial when compared to the needs of the state. If the United States is to be

ODI Contact Lens Marketing Strategy

ODI Contact Lens Marketing Strategy ODI contact lens is a revolutionary new product, which is aimed at replacing the traditional de-beaking technique used by farmers to minimize cannibalism among chickens. Being unique, there is no competition to the product in the market and hence ODI has the first mover advantage. There is very little awareness about the advantages of ODI among potential customers (chicken farmers). This product is in the introduction phase of the Product Life Cycle and the ODI team is faced with the task of developing a marketing and pricing program for the ODI lens.ODI?s strengths include an exclusive patent on its technology and an exclusive contract with New World Plastics to manufacture lenses. However the company has limited cash ($200,025) and a very small sales force. Since this is a unique product, there is no competition to the ODI lens and, given the exclusive access to the market, there is unlikely to be any major competitors in the next three years.Xbox Live Gold Free Trial with Doritos Purchase Fl...There are three main consumer segments; Small Farms (10,000 or fewer birds), Medium Farms (10,000-50,000 birds) and Large Farms (over 50,000 birds). Due to lack of awareness among consumers about the benefits of the product, the perceived value of ODI lenses is almost zero. Chicken farming is a very low margin industry and the number of innovators will be limited to those farms that have enough cash to try new products.ODI lens benefits include 1) decreased cannibalization rate (4.5% vs. 9% for debeaking), 2) trauma elimination from debeaking leading to loss of 1 egg per week and 3) reduced food and labor costs comparable to debeaking. The Accord Framework reveals the following: Advantage- Farmers have an advantage of potential economic savings of 23.9‚Â ¢ per chicken (see Appendix 1); Complexity- Due to lack of experience with the product, farmers may...

More About Mission

More About Mission More About Mission More About Mission By Mark Nichol A recent post listed and defined many words containing the element mit and miss and descended from the Latin verb mittere, meaning â€Å"send.† This follow-up offers related words not as easily discerned as being part of the mittere family. But first, here are the details about a word integral to this vocabulary family but not discussed in the previous post: Mission, the word that often forms the root of the noun form of words in the mittere family, itself means â€Å"job† or â€Å"task† or sometimes refers to those sent to do a job or task. Because the practice of sending religious personnel to convert people or provide aid to them historically also had political and economic motivations, the term came to apply also to assignments of diplomatic personnel and trade representatives. Also from the religious sense, a complex of buildings constructed to support such work is called a mission. (A particular style of architecture and furniture inspired by buildings and furnishings for Catholic missions in North America is called â€Å"mission style.†) Someone engaged in mission work in a religious context is a missionary; that term is also employed as an adjective to describe someone very supportive of a cause or eager about a job; this fervor might be described as â€Å"missionary zeal.† Mass, describing a church service,† derives from Latin by way of the Old English term mà ¦sse, which refers to the church service known as the Eucharist; it likely stems from the priest’s concluding statement, â€Å"Missa est† (â€Å"It has been sent†). Religious documents and publications generally capitalize the term, while in lay usage it is usually lowercase. (The noun and verb mass, referring to a large amount or crowd, is unrelated.) A missal, meanwhile, is a book containing prayers said or sung at various times of year during masses. Mess in the dining sense, usually employed to describe a meal seating in a military context, comes from the notion of sending a meal to be eaten. The sense of â€Å"jumble† or â€Å"state of confusion or untidiness,† and the meaning, by extension, of â€Å"quantity† derives from the original sense applied to mixed food given to animals. A message is a communication (as a verb, the word means â€Å"communicate by message† or â€Å"send a communication†); it can also apply, more broadly, to an idea or theme. The near synonym missive refers specifically to a letter, while a missile is a weapon â€Å"sent† by projecting or throwing. The phrase mise-en-scà ¨ne, borrowed directly from French, literally means â€Å"setting on the stage† and is based on the French noun mise, â€Å"a placing or putting†; it refers to the physical arrangement of performers and scenery in a live or recorded dramatic presentation or, by extension, the context or setting of a narrative or the environment of a place in general. To dismiss is to disregard or send away; such an act is a dismissal. Demise is a formal synonym for death that also applies to the end of activity or existence or the loss of position or status, as well as conveying sovereignty or an estate; in the latter sense, it is used in legal contexts as a verb. (In the sense of â€Å"death,† such usage is rare.) A premise is an idea or statement accepted as true or the sake of argument or to discuss a reasoning; the word is also employed as a verb in that sense. In plural form, it has the specific formal meaning â€Å"buildings and the piece of land on which they are built.† (This usage stems from the fact that in legal documents, where such property was often described, premise was employed to mean â€Å"something previously stated.†) Surmise means â€Å"imagine† or â€Å"infer,† or refers to having a poorly supported idea or thought; such is also referred to as a surmise. A promise is a pledge or vow- one literally â€Å"sent forth†- or the action of pledging or vowing; the word also pertains to an expectation, as in â€Å"the promise of rain† or â€Å"showing promise.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:100 Idioms About Numbers75 Synonyms for â€Å"Talk†Threw and Through

Explore the main reasons for political behavior in organizations Essay

Explore the main reasons for political behavior in organizations - Essay Example Imbalance between personal ambition of employees and interest of the organization. A sense of competition among employees whereby one employee tends to create a better impression on the management and presents are dark image of the others Is politics necessarily a negative force Politics play a central role in all organizations, but questions are now increasingly being raised on its effects on an organization. It is a common practice to paint organizational politics in black but a growing body of evidence suggests that managing it can have extremely powerful positive effects (Butcher and Clarke 2006) There are several real time examples where politics has proved to be helpful for the organization A recent report asserts that 58% managers say 'they have experienced the constructive use of office politicc and 61% say they have personally engaged in political behaviour which resulted in a positive outcome for their organisation'. (Park R. The Power of Constructive Politics) References Butcher D and Clarke M Using Politics in Organisations ,Smart Management Coady, C "Politics and the Problem of Dirty Hands," in A Companion to Ethics, ed. P. Singer (Oxford: Blackwell, 1991), p. 373. For references to the extensive literature see Coady's article and M. Stocker, Plural and Conflicting Values (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990) pp. 9-10. Hoch C What planners do : power, politics, and persuasion Chicago, Ill. : Planners Press : American Planning Association, 1994. www.roffeypark.com/research Summary "32% of managers believe it simply isn't possible to use office politics constructively because human nature is so appallingly selfish that people will always guard their... The sources of power (people at higher position referred to as legitimate power, groups in position to help, people in position to punish and reward referred to as coercive and reward power respectively) A recent report asserts that 58% managers say 'they have experienced the constructive use of office politicc and 61% say they have personally engaged in political behaviour which resulted in a positive outcome for their organisation'. (Park R. The Power of Constructive Politics) Coady, C "Politics and the Problem of Dirty Hands," in A Companion to Ethics, ed. P. Singer (Oxford: Blackwell, 1991), p. 373. For references to the extensive literature see Coady's article and M. Stocker, Plural and Conflicting Values (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990) pp. 9-10. "32% of managers believe it simply isn't possible to use office politics constructively because human nature is so appallingly selfish that people will always guard their turf and abuse their role power" Roffey Park, 2006 Politics at the organizational level is similar but not the same as world or national politics. The former is best defined as the use of power and influence to gain personal ends. In some cases this is done with a complete disregard for the employer or the organization.

Homodyne receivers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Homodyne receivers - Essay Example The architecture of homodyne receiver comprises the basic RF circuits which ensure the work flow of the equipment namely Band Select Filter (BSF), Low-noise amplifier (LNA), active mixer, oscillator and a Channel Select Filter (HFS, 2008). LNA is an amplifier which converts the received signal to acceptable levels while minimizing the noise. (Varma,Kunder,Daruwalla,2003). The active mixers are responsible for frequency up conversion and down conversion functions  (Beckwith, Schiltz, 2003) where as Oscillator generates a series of waves which is mixed with the RF signals (Fukatsu, 2005). Channel Select Filter converts preferred low power RF signal into significantly powerful ones. The primary principle of operation of a direct conversion receiver, is the down-conversion of incoming RF signal to base-band in one step by mixing with an oscillator output of the same frequency and hence the name ‘homodyne receiver’. The resulting zero frequency signal is then filtered with a low-pass filter to select the desired channel. (Ma,2001). This process of operation has been illustrated in the following diagram. The simplicity in its constitution and function is the prime advantage of this type of receivers. With relevance to the changing performance and functionality requirement for the emerging technologies, the homodyne model becomes more practical to implement. The major disadvantage of homodyne receiver is that the down-converted signal is extremely sensitive to DC voltage offsets due to current leakage from the local oscillator entering into the LNA and mixer. This demands high requirements on reverse isolation and low substrate coupling. Moreover because of the down-conversion of the RF signal to zero IF, the noise in the oscillator must be minimized and the distortion or linearity must be kept very low for the LNA and mixer. This causes power dissipation as well. (HFS,

Complexometric Determination of Water Hardness Essay Example for Free

Complexometric Determination of Water Hardness Essay Abstract: Using complexometric method of calculating water hardness, an EDTA solution was made and calculated to be around .00209M. This EDTA solution was then used to titrate a water sample with unknown hardness. The sample used was sample #18. The hardness of the sample was calculated to be 180505 ppm. This is within normal levels for the Mesa area. Introduction: This experiment focuses on titration with EDTA. Titration is the determination of a given component in solution by addition of a liquid reagent of known strength until the endpoint is reached when the component has been consumed by reaction with the reagent. An indicator called Eriochrome Black T will enable detection when the EDTA has completely chelated the metal impurities. Chelation happens when a ligand (with more than one binding site) forms a complex with a metal ion. Ligands are complexes that form when the electron donating groups form coordinate covalent bonds through empty orbitals on the metal ion. This experiment contains Ammonium chloride buffer which is an inhalation irritant. Procedure: About 500 mL of approximately 0.004 M disodium EDTA solution needed. The solution should have between 0.7–0.8 g of Na2EDTA and dissolve in about 500Â  mL deionized water in a plastic bottle. The bottled is Sealed and shaken vigorously for a few minutes to dissolve the salt. Standardize the Na2EDTA solution using a stock calcium ion solution as the primary standard. Using a 10-mL transfer pipet to add 10.00 mL of standardized calcium ion stock solution (1.000 g CaCO3/L solution) to a 250-mL Erlenmeyer flask which will have an additional 30 ml of deionized water to this titration flask. Adding a magnetic stir-bar the solution was then stirred. about 3 mL of ammonia/ammonium chloride buffer is added to the solution. Just prior to titrating the flask, adding four drops of Eriochrome Black T indicator solution will be needed. At the endpoint, the color will change from pink to violet to blue. This will repeat two more times. Then Choose one prepared unknown water sample as provided. Record the unknown code in a notebook, then titrate this water sample with your standardized disodium EDTA solution. Transferring 25.00 mL of the prepared water sample to a 250-mL Erlenmeyer flask will be done. Then Add about 20 ml of DI water to the titration flask, which will have a magnetic stir-bar. The solution will have an added portion of 3 mL of ammonia/ammonium chloride buffer. The solution will then change color as previously examined in the first portion. This procedure will be repeated twice more. Results and Discussion: EDTA solution Initial Reading (mL) (mL) delivered 0.0mL 50.01mL 0.0mL 47.05mL 0.0mL 46.10mL The average of the mL delivered of the three results is 47.72 mL The Molarity of the EDTA solution was calculated and is shown below. Ppt: 15.99 for 50.01 mL delivered Ppt: 4.68 for 47.05 mL delivered Ppt: 11.31 for 46.10 mL delivered Unknown solution Initial Reading(mL) (mL) delivered 0.0mL 22.9mL 0.0mL 21.41mL 0.0mL 20.41mL The average of the mL delivered of the three results is 21.57 The hardness of the unknown water sample was calculated using the Molarity of the EDTA solution standardized in the first portion of the lab. The calculation is shown below. Ppt: 20.55 for 22.9 mL delivered Ppt: 2.47 for 21.41 mL delivered Ppt: 17.92 for 20.41 mL delivered The tables reveal a difference in (mL) delivered in comparing the first experiment to the unknown. The unknown must have a weaker tolerance to the indicator in which the first experiment is stronger. Conclusion: The water hardness in Mesa ranges from 12 gpg (grains per gallon) to 22 gpg (1). The Ppt of the unknown and EDTA do and don’t fall within Mesa’s range. There are some numbers that fall within the range and there are some that may fall out. Overall the data has some proof that the water hardness of the EDTA and unknown can potential match up to Mesa’s. Sources: (1) http://www.mesaaz.gov/water/hard_water.aspx

Booker T. Washington :: essays research papers

Booker T. Washington was a great influence for the black community. The efforts this man put to become such a wonderful leader were incredible. Booker T. Washington was a man that started up from scratch. He grew up as a Black slave, who did not have much choices in life. He was born in Virginia in 1856, and he had a white father and a black mother. After the Emancipation Proclamation he went to work in a coal mine, while still a child. When Booker was seventeen he went of to Hampton Institute, he worked there as a janitor. He then became a student there. Following all the hard work Booker T. Washington has put in his life he became a very famous speaker on educational subjects. Booker T. Washington became a very famous speaker he had been invited to eat dinner in the White House with President Theodore Roosevelt. Slowly Booker began to get the respect he deserved. Booker preached that Blacks should accept that they were inferior to whites, he told them that we have to prove to them that we are socially capable of taking care of ourselves. He said the way we do this is make successful businesses we get educated and get into politics. For these beliefs that Booker believed in is why he was called "The Great Compromiser." Many white ex-slave owners began to respect Bookers notions. Not only was he becoming acknowledged by the Blacks but now also by the whites. Booker T. Washington was being secretly funded by great industrialists like Andrew Carnegie and John D. Rockefeller. The love approached racism in a nonthreatening way. The only thing that was a problem to him is not all people liked his belief. Booker T. Washington :: essays research papers Booker T. Washington was a great influence for the black community. The efforts this man put to become such a wonderful leader were incredible. Booker T. Washington was a man that started up from scratch. He grew up as a Black slave, who did not have much choices in life. He was born in Virginia in 1856, and he had a white father and a black mother. After the Emancipation Proclamation he went to work in a coal mine, while still a child. When Booker was seventeen he went of to Hampton Institute, he worked there as a janitor. He then became a student there. Following all the hard work Booker T. Washington has put in his life he became a very famous speaker on educational subjects. Booker T. Washington became a very famous speaker he had been invited to eat dinner in the White House with President Theodore Roosevelt. Slowly Booker began to get the respect he deserved. Booker preached that Blacks should accept that they were inferior to whites, he told them that we have to prove to them that we are socially capable of taking care of ourselves. He said the way we do this is make successful businesses we get educated and get into politics. For these beliefs that Booker believed in is why he was called "The Great Compromiser." Many white ex-slave owners began to respect Bookers notions. Not only was he becoming acknowledged by the Blacks but now also by the whites. Booker T. Washington was being secretly funded by great industrialists like Andrew Carnegie and John D. Rockefeller. The love approached racism in a nonthreatening way. The only thing that was a problem to him is not all people liked his belief.

Harley Davidson’s Customer-centered supply Chain Essay

1. How can Harley Davidson marketing and sales, personnel interact with its purchasing personnel to further strengthen the supply chain and improve customer loyalty? To further strengthen the supply chain and improve customer loyalty. Harley Davidson marketing and sales personnel must interact with its purchasing personnel to integrate the supply chain from supplier of raw materials and getting the product delivered into the hand of user at the right time, cost and quality user need it. Harley integrated effort must focuses on people, process and technology to improve supply chain development by enhance quality, reduce cost and improve delivery time to make sure every stage of supply chain reach their objective and satisfy customer need and wants. People The Supply chain improvement effort involves participation from all Harley productions such as marketing, sales, supplier, engineers, transporter and other involver with Harley. All of them must have the knowledge about customer need and wants. Marketing and sales personnel must have a good knowledge about customer need and wants. This is to ensure the best information can be transferred to purchasing personnel for making purchasing material that can suite customers need and wants. Harley marketing and sales personnel make a community marketing; they don’t just sell a motorcycle but also selling an ownership experience. Harley Davidson delivers membership in a community, arranges adventure tours and sells a lifestyle for the Harley purchaser, it can be concluded total product far exceeds the motorcycle. All activities are to make sure the marketing and sales personnel kumpulkan data about the customer need and want, and easily transfer to purchasing personnel to make development about the material. Marketing and sales personnel also must make market-based assets, such as strong branding, strong customer base and strong partner networks, when product development from the customer’s information database launches the new product introduction. It will help maintain firm performance and greater chance of success, as customers are more willing to try a new offer from a strong brand. This supply chain development through enhance quality, reduce cost and improve delivery time can easily be done if the people in the Harley fully participate to achieve it and indirectly improve customer loyalty. Process Harley-Davidson is known for delivering a consistently high quality product. There are a number of different areas in the process that affect their quality, starting with product design. They work to design quality into the products they develop, and they do this through a concurrent pride methodology, which is very specific for both product development and the input that they get on design from marketing and sales people, engineers, manufacturing people, and suppliers. They involve everyone in the early stages, and everyone effectively designs products together to suite customer need and wants and indirectly improves customer loyalty. Technology. Fast information from marketing and sales personnel is important, so Harley use communication technology via web portal to transform customer buying habits through their dealer and supply chain control for their demand on material. It makes all the material came to factory just in time and safe a lot of money. Just in time inventory was driving force of Harley quality-improvement program. As they operate with lower inventories, it becomes essential that all inventories are usable and it all have to be a good one. Harley-Davidson could not compete on price against the Japanese motorcycle producers, so it had to establish other market values and improve quality. Harley had to change from a company which dictated what its customers could have to strategies based on direct input from customers. A marketing philosophy was developed based on the customers desires, gathered through surveys, interviews and focus groups. For example Harley image promotes: a mystique appearance, individualism, the feeling of riding free, and the pride of owning a legend. Harley customer relations give a free 1-year membership to the Harley Owners Group (HOG), which was developed in 1983 as a program to keep people active with their Harley and community advertising campaign. 2. What is the role of technology in Harley’s supply chain? What additional uses of technology can you identify that might be useful to Harley focus on dealer and ultimate customer? The role of technology in Harley is to cut on communication and administrative time via their department, suppliers, dealers and customers. Harley use Harley-Davidson Suppliers Network (www. hdsn.com), the portal with web base technology to let all department, suppliers and dealer view purchasing order, inventory and material information order in real time. This should make Harley buying system more efficient, reducing time and reducing the amount of inventory in plant in other worth it enhance quality, reduce cost and improve delivery time. From the technology Harley can easily identified which dealer have a problem from their database. The company implemented a program to concentrate on helping its dealers develop the up-to-date business skills they need to sell motorcycles more effectively. The headquarters sponsored training programs that call â€Å"Harley-Davidson University† via this technology. The dealers are considered to be business partners and the headquarters plays an active role in developing programs, financing improvements, implementing support and management consultants. The dealers also invest their own money into these programs which allows them to feel like apart of the company. Harley-Davidson treats the dealers not only as partners, but also as customers. Harley has developed a very effective marketing strategy, but it is the responsibility of manufacturing to produce high quality and reliable motorcycles. 3. Some of Harley’s suppliers also supply key Harley competitors. How can Harley be sure these suppliers will not share competitive information with its competitors? How important is trust between suppliers and business buyers? Global business environment has become more unstable, supplier negotiations have taken important new role on helping improve corporate competitiveness. The goal of most supplier negotiations today is no longer just to get the lowest price. It is also to find new and innovative ways to meet a wide variety of business challenges, often by tapping into the knowledge and expertise of the supplier community and a good relationship. Harley can be sure their suppliers will not share competitive information with competitors on 3reasons. i. Harley is focused on building closer relationships with suppliers. The company does not use contracts but has instead begun to use the master supply agreement (MSA). The MSA is a list of guidelines for the relationship, rules to follow, and resolutions should problems arise, used with ?strategic’ suppliers with whom they anticipate having long-term relationships. Harley is just beginning to formalize the process of certifying suppliers as strategic, the cycle maker has such relationships with about 250 of its 350 suppliers. These suppliers command special attention from Harley and are invited quarterly for business planning meetings (BP). BPs are thematically organized meetings designed to help supplier understand Harley’s strategic issues. They give suppliers an opportunity to provide input and feedback, as well as coordinate on new projects. Strategic suppliers are brought in early to the design phase. They are brought in house, and many even have desks at Harley’s Capitol Drive research and design facility. Their input is solicited at the idea phase so that there do not have to be many revisions during the development process. They are also kept informed of the latest Harley strategies through a company newsletter, Harley World. ii. Supplier Management & Procurement Strategies of Wisconsin OEMs- Instead of purchasing all the parts for its brake systems and then assembling them in-house Harley would purchase an assembly that it would integrate with other purchased assemblies. Now, entrance into the Harley supply base will increasingly be secured through possession of the technologies and capabilities to build whole systems. Even if a supplier still supplies discrete parts directly to Harley, they will increasingly need to be able to apply new processes to those parts in order to continue doing business with the company, and new suppliers are added yearly as Harley pursues new technological capacities. iii. Suppliers have opportunity to have direct business buyer with full effort to help them to meet demands through its continuous improvement team. Harley good relationship makes them think twice to share competitive information with its competitors. For example Unisource Com. Supplier to Harley has grown from RM1. 5million in 1998 to between RM15-20million on 2001. This opportunity is like a gold mine to let go and broke master supply agreement that they have promise. Trust between suppliers and business buyer have advantage and disadvantage: i. Trust between suppliers and buyers generates significant benefits including motivating better performance and reducing negotiation time ii. Breaking apart, a trusted buyer-supplier relationship can be a significant barrier to entry for competitors. iii. The negative side of trust is that it can blind you to opportunities that arise outside established relationships The important of trust depend on both relationship, are those relationship have the objective to help each other to reach their objective. If yes the trust is most important thing between supplier and business buyer in other word they must have win-win situation.

The Importance of Education

Probably no single movement so greatly affected colonial America as the Protestant Reformation. Most of the Europeans who came to America were Protestants, but there were many denominations. Lutherans from Germany and Scandinavia settled in the middle colonies along with Puritans and Presbyterians. The Reformation was centered upon efforts to capture the minds of men, therefore great emphasis was placed on the written word. Obviously schools were needed to promote the growth of each denomination. Luther†s doctrines made it necessary for boys and girls to learn to read the Scriptures. While the schools that the colonists established in the 17th century in the New England, southern and middle colonies differed from one another, each reflected a concept of schooling that had been left behind in Europe. Most poor children learned through apprenticeship and had no formal schooling at all. Those who did go to elementary school were taught reading, writing, arithmetic, and religion. Learning consisted of memorizing, which was stimulated by whipping. The first â€Å"basic textbook†, the New England Primer, was America†s own contribution to education(Pulliam, Van Patten 86). Used from 1609 until the beginning of the 19th century, its purpose was to teach both religion and reading. The child learning the letter a, for example, also learned that â€Å"In Adam†s fall, We sinned all. † As in Europe, then, schools in the colonies were strongly influenced by religion. This was particularly true of schools in the New England area, which had been settled by Puritans and other English religious dissenters. The school in colonial New England was not a pleasant place either, physically or psychologically. Great emphasis was placed on the shortness of life and the torments of hell. Like the Protestants of the Reformation, who established vernacular elementary schools in Germany in the 16th century, the Puritans sought to make education universal. They took the first steps toward government-supported universal education in the colonies. In 1647, Puritan Massachusetts passed a law requiring that every child be taught to read. [It being the chief object of that old deluder, Satan, to keep men from the knowledge of the scriptures,†¦ it is therefore ordered, that every township†¦ fter the Lord hath increased them to the number of fifty householders,†¦ shall†¦ appoint one within their town to teach all children as shall resort him to read and write. It is further ordered, that where any town shall increase to the number of one hundred families†¦ they shall set up a grammar school, the master thereof being able to instruct youth so far as they may be fitted for the university. Old Deluder Satan Act. -Massachusetts Laws of 1647(Pulliam, Van Patten 51)] Puritan or not, virtually all of the of the colonial schools had a clear-cut moral purposes. Skills and knowledge were considered important to the degree that they served religious ends and â€Å"trained† the mind(Gutmann 180). Early schools supplied the students with moral lessons, not just reading, writing and arithmetic. Obviously, the founders saw it necessary to apply these techniques, feeling that in was necessary that the students learn these particular values. As the spirit of science, commercialism, secularism, and individualism quickened in the Western world, education in the colonies was called upon to satisfy the practical needs of seamen, merchants, artisans, and frontiersmen. The effect of these new developments on the curriculum in American schools was more immediate and widespread than its effect in European schools. Practical content was soon in competition with religious concerns. Vocational education was more significant in the Middle colonies than elsewhere in colonial America. The academy that Benjamin Franklin helped found in 1751 was the first of a growing number of secondary schools that sprang up in competition with the Latin schools. Franklin†s academy continued to offer the humanist-religious curriculum, but it also brought education closer to the needs of everyday life. Teaching such courses as history, geography, merchant accounts, geometry, algebra. These subjects were more practical, seeing as how industry and business were driving forces in the creation of the United States, while religious classes could not support a family or pay the debts. By the 1880s the United States was absorbing several million immigrants a year, a human flood that created new problems for the common school. The question confronting educators was what to teach to educate and prepare them for the work force. Religion was still an important part of their lives but with so varied a population it was impossible to teach any one and families kept their members involved in the church and children learned about religion through Sunday school and by being active in church social gatherings. By the mid-19th century the diversification in the curriculum characterized virtually all American secondary education. America came into its own, educationally, with the movement toward state-supported, secular free schools for all children, which began with the common (elementary) school. Religious denominational or parochial schools remained common in the middle colonies until the country became independent, but such sectarian schools were weakened by the withdrawal of English financial support and by the separation of church and state. The revolutionary period saw academies, with their emphasis on practical subjects such as bookkeeping, navigation, and surveying, increase in popularity. After the common school had been accepted, people began to urge that higher education, too be tax supported(Gutmann 201). By the end of the century, such secondary schools had begun to outnumber the private academies. The original purpose of the American high school was to allow children to extend and enrich their common school education (Diane 56). Schools now needed to ready the students for college-an even higher form of education instead of preparing them to immediately enter the work force. America†s educational ladder was unique. Where public school systems existed in European countries such as France and Germany, they were dual systems. When a child of the lower and middle class finished his elementary schooling, he could go on to a vocational school. The upper-class child did not attend the elementary school and was instead tutored until the age of nine and could enter a secondary Latin school. The purpose of the Latin school was to prepare him for the university, from which he might well emerge as a potential leader of his country. With the independence of America came freedom of religion in the Bill of Rights. Freedom of Religion was included in the first amendment which prevented Congress from making any law respecting the establishment of religion or prohibiting religious practice. Some states had provisions for tax-supported religion, but were abolished by 1833. Although the long range effects of disestablishment and religious freedom were beneficial to public schools, the immediate result was to take away public funds that had been used to support church-related schools. Separation of church and state also contributed to the educational problems of today, such as the issue over prayer and bible readings in public schools. Nevertheless, sectarian control over public education was broken by the provision for religious freedom. The Industrial Revolution began in Europe and spread to America a few decades later. One effect of the change from an agricultural to an industrial economy was the demand for schools to train students for the workforce. Vocational and industrial education better supplied students with the knowledge to enter a career rather than religious studies. The vocational value of shop work was considered part of general education. The need for skilled workers and the desire for high school education for those not college bound caused the manual training to gain speed. Religion was the major subject in colonial schools, but with the separation of church and state, public schools could only teach non-sectarian religious principals. Still, the curriculum remained heavily influenced by religious writings, prayer, and Christian morality. Bible reading was considered nonsectarian in most communities. The fact that a Protestant bible was not acceptable to Catholics carried little weight, and Jews were also discriminated against in school prayers. Before the twentieth century, minority groups often chose not to make an issue of religion in the public schools. If Catholic, Jewish, or other minority religious groups were unable to support their own schools, they normally accepted the rules of the public schools even when the requirements contradicted their own beliefs. In recent times however, there have been a great number of court cases over the religious requirements or practices in public schools. Although a majority of the cases have decided against the inclusion of religious practices, a large number of Americans are of the opinion that schools are responsible for moral training of America†s youth. The questions arise over and over whether this is a valid requirement or responsibility of the educational system. How does one teach moral values and respect for teachers, students and the community without including the basic philosophy of religion and the worth of prayer. Religious liberals and non-believers have attacked beginning the school day with prayer. With the removal of the Pledge of Allegiance from the daily rite of school curriculum America had made a drastic statement to element any reference to any God, any religion and this sent a message to every household in America that receiving an education would not include any word or association with any God. However, our society will always have a multitude of beliefs and opinions on whether or not it is a responsibility of the educational system to teach respect, honor and morale standards to our children. What responsibilities do parents have to teach religion to their offspring? Do children need to know the beliefs of more than one religion, do children have a right to practice religion in school? A hundred questions could be asked regarding this subject and because we are such a diverse society I do not believe it would be possible to teach religion in school. Which is why I think it is better to live religion out of the schools as to not offend anyone of believing in another religion or does not believe in religion at all. Personally I believe that parents should have the responsibility of teaching children right from wrong. The reason why society is so bad isn†t the fault of the school system, but the lack of good upbringing by parents. The Importance of Education The importance of education has become apparent to many families across the globe. Entering a University has become progressively easier over the past decades. Even though the entrances have become easier, it doesn't mean that actually graduating college is any easier. Education is the essential part of every minor's life, if they aren't subject to a good education or they are but they fail to take advantage, they will most likely end up on the â€Å"losing end† of the race to make money once they graduate from either college or high school. As a whole, getting into a college and graduating provides the student with a â€Å"fast pass† in life. For example, if someone were to drop out of high school, they would most likely never get the spot that requires a college degree because they have to know what they are doing in order to actually complete the job. The college graduate on the other hand, could easily take the position of any person that has not completed college or especially high school. But thanks to the opportunity provided to the children in the United States, they have a chance at getting into college as long as they don't have bad grades or are students who often misbehave and acquire a large array of referrals. Children that do not behave and/or have bad grades have a much lower chance of actually getting into college, let alone actually graduating from it. Education is most likely the most important aspect of a child's life, whether they know it or not. An education not only provides students with the tools they need to survive a normal day in the life of a normal working adult, but it provides them with the knowledge to solve problems some have never seen and/or heard of. Even one of our founding fathers clearly understood the importance of an education. George Washington knew that an education was important, especially to a democracy because they need people to understand the issues, discuss them, and be able to solve them. Without an educated population, there could easily be criminals who could oversee the non-educated and use their knowledge to loop around laws and commit crimes easily considered some of the worst by today's standards. Due to this, it is clear that an education isn't only important to the individual and their lifetime income, but it is also very important to major departments of society and law. As a whole, Education gives us knowledge of the world around us. It develops in us a perspective of looking at life as well as helping us build opinions and POV's in our lives. Education helps us develop a world that could function and what is right and what is wrong. Considering the fact that in today's society everything is about business, the students who have studied the most and have the most desirable degrees become necessities to the companies recruiting them. No matter how important it may seem to someone, it is most likely the most important aspect of their life.

Self Concept Paper

Self Concept Paper Free Online Research Papers There have been many things that I have learned about myself in the past few weeks. I have learned many things about myself that I would have never known if it was not for this course. I have learned about my self concept, attitudes and feelings and things that might be influenced by gender roles. I have also learned about social influence, group dynamics and relationships. In many ways I learned about myself and how to describe the way that I am and the way that I think. I have learned that I am a creative and compassionate. I belief that I am a kind person. I am a creative person because I love to put things together. I like to let my imagination run and make things looks more exciting. I use my hands to make arts and crafts which I usually give away to family and friends. I also think that I am a very good listener which makes me a very compassionate person. I try to support anyone that may need my help without expecting anything in return. Even though I do not have much, I like to extend my hand and try to help others when they are in need. I try to put myself in the shoes of the people who are suffering and try to support them in any way possible because if I were in their shoes, I would also want someone to help me. My heart is fill with kindness. I try to offer my help to people whenever I know they need it, without waiting to be asked for help. I am willing to sacrifice many things for my family, friends or anyone who I might be able to help. Self-Serving bias plays a big part in my life. I have learned that when something negative happens I usually blame someone else. It takes a significant amount of time before I realize that I could have changed the outcome of what happened if I would have invested more time in it. When something good or positive happens in my life, I give full credit to myself and sometimes fail to thanks those that helped me and guided me. People might think that I am self centered and selfish when I do not give credit to others that helped me. I also consider myself to be interdependent because I depend on my husband for a lot of things. For example, I know that he takes out the trash can every week to the curbside. I never take it out because I already know that he is going to do so. When he does forget and the trash can stays inside, I blame him for forgetting to do his task. Internal locus control is something that plays a major part in my self-concept. This course made me understand that I have very strong internal locus of control and a very low percentage of external locus of control. The Wilderdom.com, states that with external locus control an individual believes that his or her behavior is guided by fate, luck, or other external circumstances (2006). I am the type of person that believes the opposite; I believe that my behavior and any outcome are guided by my own personal decisions and efforts. For example, my husband and I have been trying to conceive for the past two years with no luck. Everyone would just tell us to just let fate take over and that we would eventually have a baby. I started having pelvic pain a couple of months ago and my gynecologist did some ultrasounds. He found what he thought were cysts in one of my ovaries and immediately scheduled me for surgery. During surgery he did not find any cysts but he found a tremendous amount of endometriosis. The gynecologist thinks that this might be the reason of infertility but thinks that it will eventually go away. I remembered all of the times that people would tell me not to worry and to leave everything to fate. I asked my doctor to refer me to a fertility doctor. He was not so sure he wanted to refer me just yet but saw that my mind was already made up and decided to do so. It turned out that the fertility doctor is also an endometriosis specialist and will start me on treatment for both things immediately. If I would have left everything up to fate, I would most likely still be waiting and would still not be on treatment. I think that it is better that I have internal locus of control rather than external. I do not wait around for people to help me or figure things out for me. I go and look and answer or a solution myself. According to Changing Minds Org., confirmation bias is when we have made a decision or build a hypothesis; we will actively seek things which will confirm our decision or hypothesis (2008). People have the tendency of making up things, then they start believing in it and at the end it can turn out to be a reality. Before I was diagnosed with endemetriosis, I started having some pelvis pain. I immediately made up my mine that something as wrong with me. I had already dignosed myself with a bunch of illnesses before even going to the doctor. I started reasearching on the internet a many side effect for all kinds of illneses. When I finally had my appointment with the doctor, he requested an ultrasound and indeed though he had found cysts on my ovaries which was the first thing I thought I had. I went in to surgery a week later and the doctor did not find any cysts but a condition called endemetriosis. Since first day I first started feeling pain, I knew something was wrong. My own dign ostics were not correct, but it was confirmed that there was something definnetly wrong with me. I need to know all of the facts and not just assumptions that have been put out in the open. I do have the tendency of making up my mind about things that have to do with me or about others and do not even give them the chance to redeemm themselves. I ususally try to avoid anything that will make me change my mind. Behaviour is something that has always influenced my attitudes. I start getting comfortable with a way of life and usually take it for grant it. For example, I have been at my present job for a little bit over a year. I got hired as a accounts receivable clerk, but little by little they have been giving me more responsibilities to take. I have been doing certain tasks that belong to four different departments. I got really comforatble, the more responsibilities they gave me the more I felt irreplaceable and full of knowledge. My attitude started changing, I felt more comfortable and as if I could get everything done. It got to the point to where I had to much work and could not even finish one task before starting another one. Everything was left unfinished. My attitude then started to show signs of worrieness and stress. I had to go ask for help and let them know that I was struggling. The manager decided to give some of my resposiblities to soemeone else ans now my attitude is onc e again positive. My mother was a single parent rasing my sister and myself. Although my mom was a signle parent she always tried to teach us that once we would get married we would need to do everything possible to take care of our husbands. She use to also tell us that the reason she was a single parent was beause she had pressured my father to much in to helping her with all kind of things. She wanted us to be able to succeed in our marriages and therefore was trying to incolcute ways of thinking. My mom would always tell me that men are always dominant over wome in a household and therefore we needed to always do what they would ask for. She use to tell us to avoid any conflict with our spouses but never to take any abuse from them. My husband and I both work, but when it comes to the household chores they all fall on me. I was taught by mom to not ask for his help and I never do. If he offers to help, which he usually does, I take his offer and let help around but always with my mother’s comments reinstating themselves in my mind. On a daily basis the degree of conform in my life is not very high. If I am in disagreement with someone over something that we need to discuss, I usally give them all the points to backup my stament. If I do not agree with someone, I let them know right away. This might make me look as a conflictual person but it is just a way if letting them know that I am not going to agree with them just to be in complete harmony with them. I tend to stick to my decisions and to my first instinct. For example, sometimes at work I am given assignments were I need to make decisions and work on them by myself. I usually try to go with what I think and not ask anyone else. The more I think about it, the more that it makes me nervous to think that someone might have a different opinion, that is why I just stick to my solutions and go with them. There are other times when a group needs to come up with a solution to a problem. In many of those occasions, some of my coworkers just want to finish work ass ignments and will just to throw in ideas that do not make sense. Sometimes I am the only one that does not agree with them and it creates a little bit of problems. I always make sure that my side of the story as to why I am not agreeing with them and why they need to listen to me is heard. Many times we will do something against our personal ethics simply because an authority has asked and we might be afraid of the consequences. We might feel that what the authority is asking is the right thing to do even if we do not agree. We might also feel insecure about making our own decisions so we simply go with what the authority says and obey any command. In the everyday life authority affects obedience in many ways. I used to work at a company where I was the bookkeeper. I knew that my boss was using the company’s money for his own personal expenses. He would always give me the receipts and asked me to put it in as a business expense. I knew that it was wrong but also felt that I needed to obey in order to not get fired. The foot-in-the-door technique was once used persuade me in to joining a committee. The committee was supposed to organize all employee events. I did no really want to join because I already had too many responsibilities at work and I was also going to school. The chairperson of the committee approached and asked me to join because she was really in need of someone that had a company credit card to make all of the necessary purchases. I agree to join the committee to help them whenever they needed to use my credit card. Later they asked me to go do all of the purchase on my own and a few weeks later they asked me to organize one event. A few months later the chairperson was leaving on maternity leave and without asking, appointed me to take over all of her responsibilities. A year later, I felt that it was too much work for me; I decided to use the same technique and followed the same steps to appoint someone to take my place. The presence of others produces changes in our level of performance and awareness in many ways. After I was diagnosed with endometriosis, I started researching the illness and in most sites it states that abstaining from alcohol will limit the illness from progressing any further. I am a social drinker and have found hard to limit myself when there are people that are drinking around me. I tend to change my behavior and usually give in and have a couple drinks with my friends. The Journal of Studies in Alcohol states that expecting people to behave appropriately when under the influence of alcohol may lead to significant behavioral changes. I have found it really difficult to stay around people who are drinking and when I am not, they usually get on my bad side faster. In this course I have learned about group dynamics. I have learned about social loafing and deindividuation. There are many ideas on how to deal with social loafing. In the same committee that was appointed to, there was a lot of social loafing going on. There were many members in the group but most of them were not active. They only time the non-active members would show up was when there was a free lunch. The non-active members would always take credit for things that they would never participate in. We, the active members, finally gave them an ultimatum, to either show up to all of the events or say goodbye to the group. Needless to say, we lost a major percentage of members. After the ultimatum, the members that did stay became more responsible and active in the group. There was never again and issue that had to do with social loafing within the group. Members of a group can also become deindividuated in the presence of other group members. There were may times when this particu lar group was not listed to if all members were not present. People become deindividuated when they loose their self esteem, when they are looking for something to make them feel better or for many other reasons. For example, when someone joins a cult, they become deindividuated. The presence of others exist in a cult and everyone is look at the same way expect for the people that are running the cult. In my opinion, the personality is what makes someone attractive. When someone treats others with respect they are attractive. Facial features also matter but the personality is definitely the most important thing to make someone attractive. Similarities in couples help sustain a relationship. People with similar interests are more attracted to each other because they find things to do together. They are able to do things that each other like with out feeling that they have to do it for the purpose of making someone else happy. Couples, who like similar things, find each other interesting and understand each other. Similar interests create lasting sustainability in a relationship and usually are free of conflict. Communication is a perfect method to be used to resolve conflict and for reconciling. For example, my two small nieces were misbehaving and fighting with each other. They had asked me earlier to take them to McDonalds. I sat down and talked to them, I told them that they had to behave for the next two hours in order for me to take them were they wanted to go. I had to bargain with them because there was no other way they were willing to listen. They decided to behave and I decided to take them to McDonalds. With my nieces I use arbitration frequently. They are about the same age and tend to fight with each other very frequently. They both seem to think that they are always right. When issues like this happen, I try to get involved for mediation. I am very neutral when it comes to them and try to help them resolve any issues so that they can stop fighting. Many of the times, they just need for me to listen to what they have to say in order for them to go about their day and keep on p laying with each other. These methods usually resolve many of the conflicts that might arise at my home. This course has helped me to understand and get to know myself better. It has also helped me use methods to resolve conflicts and to overcome them. It has helped me understand my attitudes and feelings. I learned that gender roles play a big part in my life. I learned about myself and how working with others can change my perspective in things. This course has helped in many ways. The best way to understand myself is by knowing myself. References (2008). Confirmation Bias. Retrieved December 13, 2008, from ChangingMinds.org Web site: http://changingminds.org/explanations/theories/confirmation_bias.htm Neill, James (2006, 12, 6). What is Locus of Control?. Retrieved December 13, 2008 from wilderdom.com Web site: http://wilderdom.com/psychology/loc/LocusOfControlWhatIs.html Source Citation:Zack, M., and M. Vogel-Sprott. Drunk or sober? Learned conformity to a behavioral standard. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 58.n5 (Sept 1997): 495(7). General OneFile. Gale. Apollo Library. 13 Dec. 2008 . Gale Document Number:A19715245 Research Papers on Self Concept PaperStandardized TestingThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseLifes What IfsEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in Capital19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraQuebec and Canada

Battle of Talavera - Napoleonic Wars Battle of Talavera - Peninsular War Battle of Talavera

Battle of Talavera - Napoleonic Wars Battle of Talavera - Peninsular War Battle of Talavera Battle of Talavera - Conflict: The Battle of Talavera was fought during the Peninsular War which was part of the Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815). Battle of Talavera - Date: The fighting at Talavera occurred on July 27-28, 1809. Armies Commanders: England Spain Sir Arthur WellesleyGeneral Gregorio de la Cuesta20,641 British34,993 Spanish France Joseph BonaparteMarshal Jean-Baptiste JourdanMarshal Claude-Victor Perrin46,138 men Battle of Talavera - Background: On July 2, 1809, British forces under Sir Arthur Wellesley crossed into Spain after defeating the corps of Marshal Nicolas Soult. Advancing east, they sought to unite with Spanish forces under General Gregoria de la Cuesta for an attack on Madrid. In the capital, French forces under King Joseph Bonaparte prepared to meet this threat. Assessing the situation, Joseph and his commanders elected to have Soult, who was then in the north, advance to cut Wellesleys supply lines to Portugal, while the corps of Marshal Claude Victor-Perrin advanced to block the allied thrust. Battle of Talavera - Moving to Battle: Wellesley united with Cuesta on July 20, 1809, and the allied army advanced on Victors position near Talavera. Attacking, Cuestas troops were able to force Victor to retreat. As Victor withdrew, Cuesta elected to pursue the enemy while Wellesley and the British remained at Talavera. After marching 45 miles, Cuesta was compelled to fall back after encountering Josephs main army at Torrijos. Outnumbered, the Spanish rejoined the British at Talavera. On July 27, Wellesley sent forward General Alexander Mackenzies 3rd Division to aid in covering the Spanish retreat. Due to confusion in the British lines, his division suffered 400 casualties when it was attacked by the French advance guard. Arriving at Talavera, the Spanish occupied the town and extended their line north along a stream known as the Portina. The Allied left was held by the British whose line ran along a low ridge and occupied a hill known as the Cerro de Medellin. In the center of the line they built a redoubt which was supported by the General Alexander Campbells 4th Division. Intending to fight a defensive battle, Wellesley was pleased with the terrain. Battle of Talavera - The Armies Clash: Arriving on the battlefield, Victor immediately send forward the division of General Franà §ois Ruffin to seize the Cerro even though night had fallen. Moving through the darkness, they nearly reached the summit before the British were alerted to their presence. In the sharp, confused fight that followed, the British were able to throw back the French attack. That night, Joseph, his chief military advisor Marshal Jean-Baptiste Jourdan, and Victor plotted their strategy for the next day. Though Victor favored launching a massive assault on Wellesleys position, Joseph decided on making limited attacks. At dawn, the French artillery opened fire on the Allied lines. Ordering his men to take cover, Wellesley awaited the French assault. The first attack came against the Cerro as Ruffins division moved forward in columns. Moving up the hill, they were met with heavy musket fire from the British. After enduring this punishment the columns disintegrated as the men broke and ran. With their attack defeated, the French command paused for two hours to assess their situation. Electing to continue the battle, Joseph ordered another assault on the Cerro while also sending forward three divisions against the Allied center. While this attack was ongoing, Ruffin, supported by troops from General Eugene-Casimir Villattes division were to attack the north side of the Cerro and attempt to flank the British position. The first French division to attack was that of Leval which struck the junction between the Spanish and British lines. After making some progress, it was thrown back by intense artillery fire. To the north, Generals Horace Sebastiani and Pierre Lapisse assaulted General John Sherbrookes 1st Division. Waiting for the French to close to 50 yards, the British opened fire in one massive volley staggering the French attack. Charging forward, Sherbrookes men drove back the first French line until being stopped by the second. Hit by heavy French fire, they were forced to retreat. The gap in the British line was quickly filled by part of MacKenzies division and the 48th Foot which was led into place by Wellesley. These forces held the French at bay until Sherbrookes men could be reformed. To the north, Ruffin and Villattes attack never developed as the British moved into blocking positions. They were handed a minor victory when Wellesley ordered his cavalry to charge them. Surging forward, the horsemen were stopped by a hidden ravine that cost them around half their strength. Pressing on, they were easily repulsed by the French. With the attacks defeated, Joseph elected to retire from the field despite requests from his subordinates to renew the battle. Battle of Talavera - Aftermath: The fighting at Talavera cost Wellesley and the Spanish around 6,700 dead and wounded (British casualties: 801 dead, 3,915 wounded, 649 missing), while the French incurred 761 dead, 6,301 wounded and 206 missing. Remaining at Talavera after the battle due to a lack of supplies, Wellesley still hoped that the advance on Madrid could be resumed. On August 1, he learned that Soult was operating in his rear. Believing Soult to only have 15,000 men, Wellesley turned and marched to deal with the French marshal. When he learned that Soult had 30,000 men, Wellesley backed off and began withdrawing towards the Portuguese border. Though the campaign had failed, Wellesley was created Viscount Wellington of Talavera for his success on the battlefield. Selected Sources British Battles: Battle of TalaveraPeninsular War: Battle of TalaveraHistory of War: Battle of Talavera

How does pricing strategy and price optimisation become strong Essay

How does pricing strategy and price optimisation become strong elements in revenue management to the independent boutique hotels in London - Essay Example 6). This piece of research paper explains how does pricing strategies and price optimisation become strong elements of revenue management in hotel industry, especially in independent boutique hotels in London. This paper details various pricing strategies like price optimisation, price discrimination and describe how these can help hotels to increase revenues as well as create customer focus. Revenue management is a process of managing capacity profitability that a hotel is involved in selling right inventory to the right customers at right time and for right price. One of its basic elements in allocating undifferentiated units of capacity to the available demand to generate maximum profit (Ingold, Yeoman and McMahon-Beattie, 2000, p. 3). Past and current levels of booking records are used to help the firm forecast demand and to maximize the profits as part of revenue management (Avinal, 2004, p. 52). Tranter, Hill and Parker (2009) emphasized that the hotel industries should develop a customer-centric approach to pricing. The pricing strategies that hotel industries adopt should be basically centered upon the perceptions and buying behaviour of the customers rather than solely focusing upon the products, service and profit margins (p. 117). In today’s highly competitive marketing environment, hotel industries have realized the importance of customer focus and customer centric approach along with its pricing strategies. Most boutique hotels perceive customer value as centre to its marketing concept and pricing strategies. One of the very common pricing strategies used in hotel industries is demand-based pricing, in which the hotels research the quantities of the products or services that would be purchased at different prices. This pricing method helps hotels to ensure that amounts produced can almost be sold out, but, making accurate demand estimation

Wernher Von Braun Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Wernher Von Braun - Essay Example Working as an assistant to a German scientist known as Hermann Oberth, Von Braun was fascinated by the experiments they carried out on liquid-fueled rockets. He pursued his ambition and dream and propelled aviation and the world beyond the humble, early stages of rocketry to the planets and the moon. He had a vision to widen mankind’s knowledge by exploring space and opening the terrestrial world to mankind. His efforts and contributions had, and continue to have, great impacts on the aviation industry and the world at large. As the leader of the team that developed Germany’s rocket program, he even drew criticism for contributing to the negativities during the second world war. This essay will address the way his work has affected and contributed to aviation and the world. Von Braun’s achievements make him the most prominent, even if not the first, spaceflight advocate and rocket engineer of the 20th century. To date, his research, dedication and hard work are s till considered the blueprint of peaceful space exploration and moon landings (Neufeld 7). His presence in the aviation industry began with the German army, and his association with the Peenemunde Rocket Center put him in the limelight of the world’s primary rocket program. At the rocket center, Von Braun and his team received more facilities than their predecessors in aviation who had designed aircraft for military purposes. After his successful launch of what was initially called the A-4 missile, the Nazi took special interest in him and started mass production, where he led the team that designed combat rockets for the army (Ward 14). The design of the rocket, later renamed V-2, was created and developed by Von Braun as the technical director of the space center. It featured a missile that carried its own oxidant as well as fuel, a key aspect in modern day aviation technology as it became the immediate model used by present day Russia and the United States in space explora tions (Neufeld 16). The downside of this development, though, was that critics have faulted him for developing weapons of mass destruction that unleashed vengeance on civilian populations (Petersen 21). However, apart from that single angle of criticism, the rest of his contributions affected aviation and the world positively, because he never intended his developments to be used against humans, as he was a staunch Christian as well. The V-2 rocket became Von Braun’s most significant contribution to the development of rocket technology (Nelson 29). It pioneered operational, guided missiles in the world under his direction, setting in motion the development of the present day space travel and ballistic missiles. Through his projects, he influenced his team to great understanding of rocket propulsion, guidance systems and aerodynamics, and his concepts are still in use to date. His work influenced the contemporary space launch vehicle and the missile expertise in the United Sta tes, China, Russia, Britain and France (Nelson 35). To mankind and the world, he contributed towards alleviating the disastrous effects of the bombings of the second world war. He was against the use of his developments to attack humanity. He voiced his opposition against war policies in Germany and led his team of scientists and their families in fleeing to the United States. The significance of the fleeing was that the mass production of the V-2 rockets in Germany could not progress much without his input, effectively cutting down the assault on civilians. This was achieved by surrendering themselves to American forces, where they were granted permission to carry on with their rocket research programs under the watch of the United States government (Petersen 19). The German space

Energy Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Energy Policy - Essay Example This discussion will also help to draw a conclusion about whether it is beneficial to go ahead and promote these sources of energy. Renewable energy sources are beneficial in that they release less carbon dioxide (CO2) than fossil fuels. For example, wind releases 0.02-0.04 pounds of CO2 per kilowatt hour (kWh) and solar energy releases 0.07-0.2 pounds of CO2/kWh: compared to coal, which produces 1.4-3.6 pounds of CO2/kWh (Hester, & Harrison, 2010). These statistics indicate that fossil fuels emit a lot of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. This gas causes global warming that makes the earth to be unbearable to the life of animals, human beings, and plants. This data also indicates that although renewable sources of energy are beneficial, they still pollute the environment with carbon dioxide. This means that these sources of power are not a perfect solution to the problem of emission of carbon to the atmosphere. Sources of energy such as wind, natural gas, and the sun promote health to the society compared to non-renewable sources of power such as coal (In Develi, & In Kaynak, 2012). Coal produces air that leads to health problems such as cancer, neurological damage, heart attacks, and respiratory difficulties. These problems are eliminated when the public uses natural gas, water, the sun, and geothermal. However, wind power remains to be a problem because it releases strong turbulent air that kills birds in the atmosphere (Haugen, & Musser, 2012). This means that the lives of birds especially the endangered species are risked when the public uses wind power. Therefore, not all renewable sources of energy are beneficial to the lives of living things. Renewable sources of energy are also inexhaustible and they create jobs more jobs for the public than fossil fuels. For example, wind uses more manpower than machines to produce heat and light (Jakab, 2010). This creates more

Originality in Postmodern Art

Originality in Postmodern Art A number of postmodern theorists and artists have questioned whether there is such thing as originality in art. Discuss this issue with reference to examples of the work of one or more recent artists who have questioned the notion of originality in their work. Postmodernism rejects the modern idea of originality as the new, and substitutes it with a combination of elements from the past. One of the main characteristics of Postmodernism was its tearing down of borders between styles and various cultural elements and the advance towards seeking something new and original was discarded and substituted with an amalgamation of elements from past and existing cultures. (Perina 2006) Postmodernism distances the subject, to declare the death of individualism. It leads to the reprocessing of objects and images from the past to create a more real and personal experience. There is too much information for us to process and make sense of and we are trapped in a world of second-hand experiences, dependent upon media representation of the world rather than our first-hand experience.(Crouch 1999) Originality as observed by contemporary artists, borrows heavily from postmodernist discourse. This essay will look at the works of several postmodern artists who participate in a critique and deconstruction of the myth of traditional originality whilst simultaneously seeking new ways to take their art in new and unexpected directions. It further inquires into the views of well known art writers and critics who acknowledge the way in which the placement of an artwork in a different context, or the re-working of an original image or images from the past can bestow it an entire new understanding, therefore granting an element of originality. Sherrie Levine, Andy Warhol and their many followers questioned and re-positioned issues around authorship and the original in artistic practice. This legacy is important to explore as the appropriated image and the pastiched image is so central in todays art and commercial practice especially since the growth of digital imaging. (Hammerstingl 1998 ) Sherrie Levine (b. 1947) is a primary example of a postmodern artist who confronts the issues surrounding postmodernist appropriation. Her critique of authorship and aura are central to Sherrie Levines audacious and influential deconstruction of the modernist myths of originality in many of her re-appropriations of eminent works by male artists. (Delacour 2009) Since the early 1980s, Levine has made a career out of re-using or appropriating renowned works of art, often by making new versions of them and placing them in different contexts. (Walker Art Center 2007) Her works have been understood as a commentary on the death of Modernism and its ideals, notions of artistic originality, the authenticity and autonomy of the art object and its status as a commodity. (Museum of Modern Art 2010) Levines Fountain (After Marcel Duchamp: A.P.) (1991), (Fig. 1) is an unmistakeable reference to Marcel Duchamps famous 1917 piece Fountain (Fig. 2). Cast in bronze to a highly polished finish, it transforms an everyday object into a beautiful and ostentatious piece which is presented on a narrow pedestal that closely resembles the display of Duchamps Fountain. Levine strove for total historical accuracy by locating a urinal from the identical manufacturer and year that Duchamp used, although she was unable to find the exact model. (Buskirk 2003) When compared to Duchamps sculpture, it is evident that Levines Fountain is not an exact replica. Most notably, Duchamps piece was an actual urinal which was turned upside-down and remained unchanged apart from his signature. In contrast, Levines urinal is more contemporary and has been cast in bronze, the traditional metal of sculptors. (Walker Art Center 2007) This use of bronze in such a way makes reference to another artist, Constantine Brancusi, who was notorious for producing sculptures in highly polished bronze (Buskirk 2003). When polished to a brilliant shine Levines urinal no longer remains a common, store-bought item. Instead it has been transformed by the artist into a unique object. (walkerart) Author and critic Martha Buskirk comments that despite the blatantly obvious reference to Duchamps readymade, Levines urinal has been transformed into a distinctive piece as a result of this choice to have it cast from highly polished bronze. (Buskirk 2003) Due to the recasting of the fountain in bronze, she raises the question of is the sculpture any longer a readymade? Due to the material characteristics of it being altered. By recasting the urinal, Levine challenges the function of the readymade as coming straight from the modes of production of society. Her object is no longer inextricably tied to its presence in everyday society. (Buskirk 2003) Buskirk states that in one sense, Levines Fountain is not a copy at all because she did not require the original Duchamp fountain to create a replica. Instead she attended the same source as Duchamp, which was the realm of mass production. Her piece triggers a history of references to past readymades and replicas of the everyday object. (Buskirk 2003) Sherrie Levines most blatant assault on originality came with her 1981 series After Walker Evans (Fig. 4), a series of twenty-two images which she directly photographed from an exhibition catalogue of famous photographer Walker Evans (b. 1903) work. (Fig. 3) Each one of these black and white photographs represents Depression-era documentation of either a figure, a group of figures, architecture or a barren landscape in a rural, economically-distressed area. (Mandiberg 2010) In writer and artist Linda Weintraubs essay Unoriginality, in Art on the Edge and Over (1996), Weintraub states that Levine makes no attempt to recompose or reinterpret, dismissing any creative or original act with the intention that the images remain true to their reproductive sources. (Weintraub 1996) These works articulate Levines fascination with the photographic process and its reproduction, while raising post-structuralist discourses on authorship, originality and history, from which they partly originate. (Museum of Modern Art 2010) Her appropriation of these fine art images deals with between photography, which is an unlimitedly reproducible medium, and fine art, which is regard as an inimitable object. Often art photographers limit the size of their editions to give their pieces the aura or a unique object. This aura is then diminished when the works are reproduced in magazines and books. Although the photographs Levine takes originate from the media, she restores them to the arena of fine art in her framing and presenting them as singular works which is where and how the original photographer, Walker Evans, aimed them to be seen. (Weintraub 1996) Linda Weintraub affirms that regardless of the association between the originals and her copies, Sherrie Levines photographs assume originality because they embody a new and possibly more profound artistic concept, which has never been so boldly explored. (Weintraub 1996) In the perceived wake of Modernism, the heroic potential of autonomous artists or autonomous works of art was challenged as artists such as Levine sought to demonstrate the importance of these ideas in the wake of the massive increase in social image consumption due to technological reproduction. (Mandiberg 2010) She writes, The world is filled to suffocating.ÂÂ   Man has placed his token on every stone.ÂÂ   Every word, every image, is leased and mortgaged.ÂÂ   We know that a picture is but a space in which a variety of images, none of them original, bend and clash. (Levine 1981) It is impossible to remove the art historical aspect to Sherrie Levines art. She works within the space of art historical discourse and dialogue, in attempts to add new perspectives on art by actually appropriating and reproducing them in novel ways. So much of the importance of her works derives from the fact that these works are recognizable within the general American public, but more importantly in the art historical canon. (Zimmerman 2008) (reword) It is perhaps Andy Warhols (b. 1928) use of photo silkscreens that offered the most rigorous challenge to traditional definitions of originality. Warhol explored intrinsic multiplicity in the repetitive use of screens in his silkscreen paintings that he began to produce in 1962. He produced a series of works containing ongoing repetition of an image within single works. Often his technique of blotting would result in the ink lines in his drawings appearing as though they were a personal touch. The method he used also lent itself to replicating deviations of the image via a process of repeated tracing that he would often get his assistants to accomplish. Warhol frequently employed his mother to replicate his signature for him. Consequently, Warhols fame as a fine artist rests on the manner in which he expunged any trace of his hand from his work and any evidence of what would be considered individuality. (Buskirk 2003) (need this?) This brief time in which Warhol began to develop his silkscreen paintings, was a phase in which Warhol was producing amazing output. It was during this time that he produced his infamous celebrity and name-brand product images. One of his most renowned examples is his Marilyn Diptych (1962) (Fig. 5) which was based on a publicity photograph from the 1953 film Niagra. The paintings of this time are excellent examples of multiple copies without an original. His method allowed for variations within the prints so that no two works were identical. Although Warhol employed assistants to produce works created by mechanical means to transfer images that he often didnt even select himself, his works are nonetheless recognised as Warhols due to his certain form of authorship. It can be argued that his original contribution included the regular removal of evident participation. (Buskirk 2003) One of Warhols most renowned works was Brillo Soap Pads Boxes (1964) (Fig. 6). To make his replicas he used wooden boxed and silkscreened over them to directly resemble the cartons that they were reproducing. This work is an example of one form of mechanical reproduction being employed to duplicate another form of printed surface, although the change of materials added a slight change to the more dramatic transformation that resulted from their recontextualisation. (Buskirk 2003) It could be argued that Brillo Soap Pads Boxes, and much of Andy Warhols work, is absent of any kind of originality due to its almost undistinguishable resemblance to the original product in which he had no participation in the creation of, however he makes a striking contribution via his insightful critique of the enticing nature of commodity in a culture driven by mass media. He achieves this through his use of repetition. The anonymous author who designed or photographed the products adopted by Warhol for use within his work becomes replaced by the artist who comments on the products cultural familiarity, an act of recontextualizing. (Buskirk 2003) In Warhols Flowers (1965) (Fig. 7), he appropriated an image of flowers that he found in a 1964 issue of Modern Photography magazine. When the photographer of the photo, Patricia Caufield discovered that Warhol had appropriated her image she filed a lawsuit against him for infringing on copyright as she was able to claim legal authorship. The case was settled out of court, with Warhol offering to give Caufield two of his Flower paintings. When analysed, it is evident that there exists several differences between Caufields image and Warhols appropriation. First of all he cropped the photograph so that it focussed on four flowers; the image has been flattened by the removal of detail and the adding of solid blocks of colour within the flowers. His changes in medium, scale and colour helped to transform the image considerably. (Buskirk 2003) Although the original photographs that Warhol sourced to base many of his artworks on were neither taken by or owned by him, his works become original by the manner in which he re-works them and exhibits them. It is very hard to confuse authorship as Warhol upholds a style that is distinctively his own. He takes ordinary images and through his alterations of them makes them extraordinary. (Buskirk 2003) In each of the cases presented, the artists have exercised an act of recontextualisation by taking a recognisable object or image and transforming it by altering how it is made or where it is found. Through this process each of the artists has achieved the act of both recognising and acknowledging the original author whilst claiming authorship for themselves via the process of this recontextualisation?. (Buskirk 2003) The diverse ways that artists have adopted and transformed these familiar images and objects furthermore articulate a complex layering of quotation and reference that exemplifies contemporary art. (Buskirk 2003) In addition, the artistic product desires a measure of creativity on the audiences part. The viewer contributes to the creation of works via their interpretations and evaluations of them. (Leddy 1994) French literary theorist and critic Roland Barthes attributes authorship to the reader who shapes meaning and understanding. Barthes created writings that directly suggested the idea of Death of the Author as a central post-modern concept. (Hammerstingl 1998) He states To give a text an Author and assign a single, corresponding interpretation to it is to impose a limit on that text. Roland Barthes asserts that each piece of writing or artwork contains multiple layers and meanings. In a well-known quotation, Barthes draws an analogy between text and textiles, declaring that a text is a tissue [or fabric] of quotations, drawn from innumerable centers of culture, rather than from one, individual experience. The essential meaning of a work depends on the impressions of the reader, rather th an the passions or tastes of the writer; a texts unity lies not in its origins, or its creator, but in its destination, or its audience. (New World Encyclopedia 2008) To summarise, Barthes attributes authorship to the reader who forms meaning and understanding. To reiterate, it is not the value and function that an object relies on to communicate with its audience, but its veiled references and codes from the past that permit a more individual perception. The originality and authenticity of the primary source ceases to be imperative in postmodernist art. Instead it is the recycled message which is constructed upon the unconscious memories and perceptions from the past that gives command to new perceptions and new perspectives of originality. The amalgamation of non-referring styles united together helps to create a new original, assembled from well identified originals of the past. Equally the postmodernist concept of deconstruction utilises the intercommunication amid the influence and continual process of referring. (Perina 2006)